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These are biblical figures unambiguously identified in contemporary sources according to scholarly consensus. ==Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)== The main sources for identifying people from the Hebrew Bible are Assyrian and Babylonian inscriptions as well as seals and bullae (seal impressions) from the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. These date from the 9th century through the late 5th century BCE. * Adramelech, an Assyrian prince who murdered his father Sennacherib as mentioned in Isaiah and Kings, is known in Assyrian sources as Arda-Mulissi.〔De Breucker, Geert, in ''The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture'' (), edited by Karen Radner, Eleanor Robson, Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 643〕〔''Kalimi, Isaac; Richardson, Seth (ed), ''Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem'' (), BRILL, 2014, p. 45〕 * Ahab, king of Israel: Mentioned extensively in Kings and Chronicles. Identified in the contemporary Kurkh Monolith inscription of Shalmaneser III 〔Rainey, Anson F. ''Stones for Bread: Archaeology versus History ()'' in ''Near Eastern Archaeology'', Vol. 64, No. 3 (Sep., 2001), pp. 140-149〕 which describes the Battle of Qarqar and mentions ''2,000 chariots, 10,000 soldiers of Ahab the Israelite'' defeated by Shalmaneser.〔Lawson Younger, K., ''KURKH MONOLITH''. In Hallo, 2000, Vol. II p. 263〕 * Ahaz (Jehoahaz), king of Judah: Mentioned extensively in Kings, Chronicles and Isaiah as well as in Hosea 1:1 and Micah 1:1. Identified in the contemporary Summary Inscription of Tiglath-Pileser III which records that he received tribute from ''Jehoahaz of Judah'', as mentioned in 2 Kings 16:7-8 and 2 Chronicles 28:21.〔Galil, G., ''The Chronology of the Kings of Israel and Judah'', Brill, 1996, p. 67 ()〕 Also identified in a contemporary clay bulla, reading ''of Ahaz (of ) Jotham king of Judah''.〔Deutsch, Robert ''First Impression: What We Learn from King Ahaz’s Seal ()'' in ''Biblical Archaeology Review'', July 1998, pp. 54-56, 62〕 * Apries (Hophra), pharaoh of Egypt: Mentioned in Jeremiah 44:30. Identified in numerous contemporary inscriptions including those of the capitals of the columns of his palace.〔(The palace of Apries ), University College London, 2002〕〔Petrie, W. M. Flinders & Walker, J. H., ''The palace of Apries (Memphis II) ()'', published by ''School of Archaeology in Egypt, University College'', 1909)〕 Herodotus speaks of him in ''Histories'' II, 161-171.〔Wolfram Grajetzki, Stephen Quirke, Narushige Shiode, ''Digital Egypt for Universities ()'', University College London, 2000〕 * Artaxerxes I of Persia is widely identified with Artaxerxes in the book of Nehemiah.〔Rogerson, John William; Davies, Philip R.; ''The Old Testament world'', Continuum International, 2005, p. 89 ()〕〔Dunn, James D. G. & Rogerson, John William, ''Eerdmans commentary on the Bible'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003, ''Artaxerxes'': p. 321 (); ''Pauline epistles'': p. 1274 ()〕 He is also found in the writings of contemporary historian Thucydides.〔Thucydides, ''History of the Peloponnesian War'', translated by Thomas Hobbes, Book 1, Chapter 137 ()〕 Scholars are divided over whether the king in Ezra's time was the same, or Artaxerxes II. * Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria is generally identified with 'the great and noble Osnappar', mentioned in Ezra 4:10.〔Lewis, D. M.; Boardman, John; ''The Cambridge ancient history Volume IV'', Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 149 ()〕〔Coogan et al., 2007, p. 676 ()〕 His name survives in his own writings, which describe his military campaigns against Elam, Susa and other nations.〔Oppenheim, A.L. in Pritchard 1969, pp. 294-301〕〔Harper, P.O.; Aruz, J.; Tallon, F.; ''The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre'' Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992, p. 270 ()〕 * Belshazzar, coregent of Babylon, son of king Nabonidus,〔Nabonidus Cylinder () translation by Paul-Alain Beaulieu, author of ''The Reign of Nabonidus, King of Babylon 556-539 B.C. (1989)''〕 see Nabonidus Cylinder. * Ben-hadad son of Hazael, king of Aram Damascus. He is mentioned in the Zakkur Stele.〔Geoffrey W. Bromiley (''International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A-D'' ), ''Agrippa'': p. 42; ''Ben-Hadad III'': p. 459〕 * Cyrus II of Persia, appears in many ancient inscriptions, most notably the Cyrus Cylinder.〔Cyrus cylinder (), translation by Irving Finkel, at the British Museum〕 * Darius I, king of Persia, is mentioned in the books of Haggai, Zechariah and Ezra.〔Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi; ''The Jewish study Bible'', Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 1243 ()〕〔Stead, Michael R.; Raine, John W.; ''The intertextuality of Zechariah 1-8'', Continuum International, 2009, p. 40 ()〕 He is the author of the Behistun Inscription. * Esarhaddon, son of Sennacherib, was king of Assyria. His name survives in his own writings, as well as in those of his son Ashurbanipal.〔Oppenheim, A.L. in Pritchard 1969, pp. 289-301〕〔Thompson, R. Campbell, ''The prisms of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal found at Nineveh ()'', Oxford University Press, 1931, p. 9 and 25〕 * Evil Merodach, king of Babylon son of Nebuchadnezzar II. His name (''Akkadian'' 'Amēl-Marduk') and title were found on a vase from his palace,〔Barton, George A., ''Archæology and the Bible'', American Sunday-school union, 1917, p. 381 ()〕 and on several cuneiform tablets.〔Beaulieu, Paul-Alain, ''The pantheon of Uruk during the neo-Babylonian period'', BRILL, 2003, pp. 151, 329 ()〕 * Hazael, king of Aram Damascus. According to the Book of Kings, he was anointed by the prophet Elijah (1 Kings 19:15). Shalmaneser III of Assyria records that he defeated Hazael in battle and captured many chariots and horses from him.〔 Most scholars think that Hazael was the author of the Tel Dan Stele.〔Hagelia, Hallvard, ''The First Dissertation of the Tel Dan Inscription ()'' in the ''Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament'', Volume 18, Issue 1 January 2004 , page 136〕 * Hezekiah, king of Judah (2 Kings 18:1-6). An account is preserved by Sennacherib of how he besieged 'Hezekiah, the Jew', who 'did not submit to my yoke', in his capital city of Jerusalem〔Oppenheim, A.L. in Pritchard 1969, pp. 287-288〕 A bulla was also found bearing Hezekia's name and title.〔Cross, Frank Moore, ''King Hezekiah's Seal Bears Phoenician Imagery ()'' in ''Biblical Archaeology Review'', March–April, 1999〕 * Hoshea, king of Israel, was put into power by Tilgath-Pileser III, king of Assyria, as recorded in his 'Annals', found in Calah.〔Oppenheim, A.L. in Pritchard 1969, p. 284〕 * Jehoash, king of Israel, is mentioned in records of Adad-nirari III of Assyria as 'Jehoash of Samaria'.〔Tetley, M. Christine, ''The reconstructed chronology of the Divided Kingdom'', Eisenbrauns, 2005, p. 99 ()〕〔Bryce, Trevor, ''The Routledge Handbook of The People and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Earky Bronze Age to the fall of the Persians Empire'', Routledge, 2009, p. 342 ()〕 * Jehoiachin, King of Judah, was taken captive to Babylon after Nebuchadrezzar first captured Jerusalem (2 Kings 24:15). Texts from Nebuchadrezzar's Southern Palace record the rations given to "Jehoiachin king of the Judeans" (''Ya'ukin sar Yaudaya'').〔 Wiseman, D. J., ''Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon ()'', Oxford University Press 1991, pp. 81-82〕 * Jehu, king of Israel; see: Black Obelisk〔(The Black Obelisk ) at the British Museum. (Translation ) adapted by K.C. Hanson from Luckenbill, Daniel David ''Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. Vol. 1.'' Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1927〕 * Johanan was high priest during the reign of Darius II. His name is found in Nehemiah 12:22,23 and also in a letter from the Elephantine Papyri〔Ginsburg, H.L. in Pritchard 1969, p. 492〕 * Jotham (Jehotham), king of Judah, is identified as the father of King Ahaz on a contemporary clay bulla, reading ''of Ahaz (of ) Jotham king of Judah''.〔 * Manasseh, king of Judah. He is mentioned in the writings of Esarhaddon, who lists him as one of the kings who had brought him gifts and aided his conquest of Egypt.〔〔Oppenheim, A.L. in Pritchard 1969, p. 291〕 * Menahem, king of Israel is recorded both in 2 Kings 15:19 and in the annals of Tiglath-Pileser to have paid tribute to him.〔Oppenheim, A.L. in Pritchard 1969, p. 283〕 * Mesha, king of Moab (2 Kings 3:4), was the author of the Mesha Stele.〔(The Mesha Stele ) at the Louvre Museum. (Translation ) by K. C. Hanson (Adapted from Albright 1969:320-21)〕 * Merodach-baladan, king of Babylon is found in the Great Inscription of Sargon II in his palace at Khorsabat.〔Birch, Samuel & Sayce, A.H., ''Records of the past : being English translations of the Ancient monuments of Egypt and western Asia ()'', published under the sanction of the Society of Biblical Archaeology (1873), p. 13〕 * Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon is mentioned in numerous contemporary sources, including the inscription of the Ishtar Gate, which he built.〔(The Ishtar Gate ), translation from ''The Ishtar Gate, The Processional Way, The New Year Festival of Babylon.'' by Joachim Marzahn, ''Mainz am Rhein, Germany: Philipp von Zaubern, 1995''〕 * Nebuzaradan, captain of Nebuchadnezzar's guard (Jer 52:12) is mentioned in a prism in Istanbul (No. 7834), found in Babylon where he is listed as the "chief cook."〔Boardman, John, ''The Cambridge ancient history'', Vol. III Part 2, p. 408 ()〕〔Lipschitz, Oded, ''The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah Under Babylonian Rule'', Eisenbrauns, 2005, p. 80〕 * Nebo-Sarsekim, mentioned in Jeremiah 39:3 is listed as Nabu-sharrussu-ukin in a Babylonian tablet. * Necho II, pharaoh of Egypt, mentioned in the writings of Ashurbanipal〔Oppenheim, A.L. in Pritchard 1969, p. 297〕 * Omri, king of Israel (1 Kings 16:23) is mentioned, together with his unnamed son or successor, on the Mesha Stele.〔 * Pekah, became king of Israel after assassinating Pekahiah, his predecessor. (2 Kings 15:25). He is mentioned in the annals of Tiglath-Pileser III.〔 * Rezin, king of Aram was a tributary of Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria.〔Grabbe, Lester L., ''Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?'' (New York: T&T Clark, 2007): 134〕 According to the bible, he was later put to death by Tiglath-Pileser (2 Kings 16:7-9). * Sanballat, governor of Samaria, was the leading figure of the opposition which Nehemiah encountered during the rebuilding of the walls around the temple in Jerusalem. Sanballat is mentioned in the Elephantine Papyri.〔〔VanderKam, James C., ''An introduction to early Judaism'', Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2001, p. 7 ()〕 * Sargon II, king of Assyria besieged and conquered the city of Samaria and took many thousands captive, as recorded in the bible and in an inscription in his royal palace.〔(The Annals of Sargon ), Excerpted from "Great Inscription in the Palace of Khorsabad," Julius Oppert, tr., in Records of the Past, vol. 9 (London: Samuel Bagster and Sons, 1877), pp. 3-20〕 His name, however does not appear in the biblical account of this siege, but in Isaiah 20:1, in reference to his siege of Ashdod. * Sennacherib, king of Assyria is the author of a number of inscriptions discovered near Nineveh.〔Reade, Julian, '' Sources for Sennacherib: The Prisms ()'' in ''Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Oct., 1975), pp. 189-196''〕 * Shalmaneser V, king of Assyria (2 Kings 17:3) is mentioned on several royal palace weights found at Nimrud.〔Lipiński, Edward et al., ''Immigration and emigration within the ancient Near East ()'', Peeters Publishers & Department of Oriental Studies, Leuven 1995, pp. 36-41, 48〕 Another inscription was found that is thought to be his, but the name of the author is only partly preserved.〔Luckenbill, D. D. ''The First Inscription of Shalmaneser V ()'', The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Apr., 1925), pp. 162-164〕 * Taharqa, pharaoh of Egypt and king of Kush (Isaiah 37:9), is mentioned in the books of Kings and Isaiah as 'Tirhaka, the king of Cush'.〔Coogan et al., 2007, p. 565 ()〕 Several contemporary sources mention him and fragments of three statues bearing his name were excavated at Nineveh.〔Thomason, Allison Karmel ''From Sennacherib's Bronzes to Taharqa's Feet: Conceptions of the Material World at Nineveh ()'', Iraq, Vol. 66, Nineveh. Papers of the 49th Rencontre Assriologique Internationale'', Part One (2004), pp. 151-162〕 * Tattenai, governor of 'Beyond the River' (Hebrew: , Ezra 5:6) during the reign of Darius I, is known from contemporary Babylonian documents.〔Coogan et al., 2007, p. 678 ()〕〔Lewis, D. M.; Boardman, John; ''The Cambridge ancient history Volume VI'', Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 268 ()〕 * Tiglath-Pileser III, king of Assyria exiled inhabitants of cities he captured in Israel (2 Kings 15:29). Numerous writings are ascribed to him and he is mentioned, among others, in an inscription by Barrakab, king of Sam'al.〔Oppenheim, A.L.; Rosenthal, F.; in Pritchard 1969, pp. 282-284, 655〕 * Xerxes I, king of Persia. He is called Ahasuerus in the books of Ezra and Esther.〔〔Fensham, Frank Charles, ''The books of Ezra and Nehemiah'', Eerdmans, 1982, p. 69 ()〕 Xerxes is known in archaeology through a number of tablets and monuments,〔Briant, Pierre, ''From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire'', Eisenbrauns, 2006, p. 554 ()〕 notably the 'Gate of All Nations' in Persepolis. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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